28206

28206 (Dana Heuberger)

Fie Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle \left(G,\cdot\right)} un grup cu elementul neutru Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle e} care conține subgrupurile proprii, distincte, finite $H_{1}$, $H_{2}$ și $H_{3}$, astfel încât pentru orice permutare $\sigma \in S_{3}$ și orice $a\in H_{\sigma \left(1\right)}\setminus \left\{e\right\}$, $b\in H_{\sigma \left(2\right)}\setminus \left\{e\right\}$, rezultă că $ab\in H_{\sigma \left(3\right)}$.

1. Arătați că subgrupurile $H_{1}$, $H_{2}$ și $H_{3}$ au același număr de elemente.
2. Dacă $G=H_{1}\cup H_{2}\cup H_{3}$, arătați că grupul $G$ este de tip Klein.

Soluție.

a) Pentru orice subgrup $H$ a lui $G$, notăm $H^{\ast }=H\setminus \left\{e\right\}$.

Arătăm mai întâi că $H_{1}\cap H_{2}\cap H_{3}=\left\{e\right\}$.

Presupunem că există $a\in H_{1}\cap H_{2}\cap H_{3}$, cu $a\neq e$. Din ipoteză, rezultă că $H_{1}^{\ast }\cdot H_{2}^{\ast }\subset H_{3}$, deci $H_{1}^{\ast }\cdot H_{2}^{\ast }\cdot H_{3}^{\ast }\subset H_{3}\cdot H_{3}^{\ast }=H_{3}$. Cum $a\in H_{2}^{\ast }$ și $a^{-1}\in H_{3}^{\ast }$, rezută că $e=a\cdot a^{-1}\in H_{2}^{\ast }\cdot H_{3}^{\ast }$, deci $H_{1}^{\ast }\subset H_{1}^{\ast }\cdot H_{2}^{\ast }\cdot H_{3}^{\ast }\subset H_{3}$, așadar $H_{1}^{\ast }\subset H_{3}$, adică $H_{1}\subset H_{3}$. În mod analog, se arată că $H_{3}\subset H_{1}$. Rezultă că $H_{1}=H_{3}$, ceea ce contrazice ipoteza. În consecință, $H_{1}\cap H_{2}\cap H_{3}=\left\{e\right\}$.

Arătăm, mai departe, că $H_{1}\cap H_{2}=H_{2}\cap H_{3}=H_{1}\cap H_{3}=\left\{e\right\}$.

Presupunem că există $a\in H_{1}\cap H_{2}$, cu $a\neq e$. Dacă $H_{1}$ are cel puțin trei elemente, alegem $x\in H_{1}\setminus \left\{e,a\right\}$. Cum $xa^{-1}\in H_{1}^{\ast }$ și $a\in H_{2}^{\ast }$, rezultă că $xa^{-1}a=x\in H_{3}$, deci $H_{1}\setminus \left\{e,a\right\}\subset H_{3}$, așadar $H_{1}\setminus \left\{a\right\}\subset H_{3}$. Subgrupul $\langle H_{1}\setminus \{a\}\rangle$ generat de $H_{1}\setminus \{a\}$ este un grup al lui $H_{1}$. Deoarece ordinul lui $\langle H_{1}\setminus \{a\}\rangle$ este cel puțin $2$ și trebuie să dividă ordinul lui $H_{1}$, rezultă că $\langle H_{1}\setminus \{a\}\rangle =H_{1}$. Cum $H_{3}$ este subgrup al lui $G$, iar $H_{1}\setminus \left\{a\right\}\subset H_{3}$, rezultă că și $\langle H_{1}\setminus \{a\}\rangle =H_{1}$ este inclus în $H_{3}$, deci $a\in H_{1}\cap H_{2}\cap H_{3}=\left\{e\right\}$, fals. Așadar, $H_{1}$ nu poate avea cel puțin trei elemente. Dacă Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1 = \{e,a\}} , atunci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2} are cel puțin trei elemente, pentru că Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2 \ne H_1 } , și, ca mai înainte, rezultă că Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2 \subset H_3} , așadar Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a\in H_1 \cap H_2 \cap H_3 = \left\{e\right\}} , fals. În consecință, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1 \cap H_2 = \{e\} } . La fel se arată că Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2 \cap H_3 = H_1 \cap H_3 = \left\{e\right\}} . Fie Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |H_1| = m} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |H_2| = n} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |H_3| = p} , cu Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1 = \{a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_m\}} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2 = \{b_1, b_2, \ldots, b_n\}} și Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_3 = \{c_1, c_2, \ldots, c_p\}} . Cum elementele distincte Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_1b_1, a_2b_1, \ldots, a_mb_1 } aparțin mulțimii Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1^\ast} , rezultă că Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle p \le m } , deci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m = p } . Analog se arată că Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m = n } , deci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle m = n = p } . Așadar, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |H_1| = |H_2| = |H_3| = n+1 } .

b) Fie Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i,j \in \{1,2,\ldots,n\}} și Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_i, a_j \in H_1^\ast} .

Atunci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_3^\ast = \left\{ a_i b_1, a_ib_2, \ldots, a_ib_n \} = \{ a_j^{-1}b_1, a_j^{-1}b_2, \ldots , a_j^{-1}b_n \right\}} , așadar există Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle s,t \in \{1,2, \ldots, n\}} pentru care Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_ib_s = a_j^{-1}b_t} , deci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_ja_i = b_tb_s^{-1} \in H_2} . Dar Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1 \cap H_2 = \{e\}} , astfel că pentru orice Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle i,j \in \{1,2,\ldots,n\}} avem Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a_ja_i = e} . În consecință, subgrupurile Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2} și Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_3} pot avea câte două sau câte trei elemente. Dacă Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle |H_1| = |H_2| = |H_3| = 3 } , atunci Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G = H_1 \cup H_2 \cup H_3} are șapte elemente, iar Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle | H_1 | } nu divide Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle . | G | } , contradicție. Așadar, Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_1 = \{e,a\}} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_2 = \{e,b\}} , Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle H_3 = \{e,c\}} , cu Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle a^2 = b^2 = c^2 = e} , deci grupul Failed to parse (SVG (MathML can be enabled via browser plugin): Invalid response ("Math extension cannot connect to Restbase.") from server "https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/":): {\displaystyle G = \{e,a,b,c\}} este de tip Klein.